ChatGPT Special Brief

West African Gangs Operating in Southeast Asia – Structure, Leadership, and Activity

Published

November 16, 2025

Executive Summary

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) indicates a persistent and evolving presence of West African, primarily Nigerian, organised criminal elements operating across key Southeast Asian (SEA) jurisdictions. These actors feature most prominently in:

  • Cyber-enabled fraud (romance scams, “romance baiting”, crypto-investment fraud); and
  • Drug trafficking and street-level narcotics distribution in tourist districts.

The activity profile is consistent with loosely structured, cell-based formations linked to larger West African organised crime (OC) networks such as the so‑called Yahoo Boys and confraternity-linked groups (e.g. Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) known for online financial fraud and human-trafficking‑fuelled scam operations.12

In the SEA theatre, West African groups represent a minority share of the overall criminal ecosystem (which is dominated by Chinese, local, and other regional syndicates), but they remain disproportionately impactful in cross-border romance and investment fraud targeting Europe, North America, and the Middle East.34

Key Judgements:

  • Threat Vector: Primarily financial (online fraud); secondary physical threat from drug trafficking and associated violence.
  • Capability: Moderate in cyber-fraud; low to moderate in territorial control. High adaptability and cross-border mobility.
  • Intent: Revenue generation; exploitation of weak oversight in tourism hubs; evasion of African and SEA law enforcement.
  • Opportunity: Visa regimes, porous borders, scam-compound infrastructure, and demand for narcotics in nightlife districts.
  • Vulnerability: Increasingly exposed to multi-agency operations (INTERPOL-led financial-fraud crackdowns; SEA scam-centre raids).

Analytical Overview

Organisational Typology

West African OC activity in SEA can be grouped into three broad types:

  1. Romance / Investment Fraud Cells
    • Malaysia-based Nigerian romance-scam syndicates that recruit Singaporean and regional money mules to channel proceeds.56
    • Off-shore “Yahoo Boy” crews using SEA as a logistics node or temporary base while targeting victims overseas.78
  2. Drug-Trafficking Cells in Tourist Districts
    • Nigerian nationals arrested in Bangkok’s Nana entertainment district for cocaine distribution using “spit-and-swallow” concealment techniques.9
    • Individual West African traffickers using body-packing/swallowing methods to move cocaine into Thailand and neighbouring states.10
  3. Embedded Actors in Scam Compounds
    • Investigations into scam compounds in Cambodia and wider SEA identify victims and operators from West Africa among multi‑national workforces coerced to run on‑line scams.1112
    • These actors may have direct or indirect ties to West African OC networks, but OSINT rarely attributes specific SEA sites to named confraternities.

Regional Context

  • Southeast Asia has emerged as the global focal point for “romance baiting” scam operations, with compound-style call centres using trafficked labour to run long‑con romance‑investment fraud.1314
  • West African criminal groups (including Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) are explicitly identified by INTERPOL as key players in online financial fraud, especially romance and investment schemes.1516
  • While much of their infrastructure remains in West Africa, the global distribution of victims and money flows creates strong incentives to utilise off-shore nodes in Asia for payments, crypto off‑ramps, and operational cover.

Key Groups and Significant Cases (2017–2025)

Summary of representative OSINT cases involving West African actors in SEA:

Country / Location Group or Cell (as described in OSINT) Key Figures (Open-Source Named) Primary Activity Current Status / Outcome
Malaysia / Singapore Malaysia-based Nigerian Internet love scam syndicate targeting victims in multiple jurisdictions Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi (Nigerian national); accomplice “Fola” (alias) Long-running romance scam (2017–2019); recruitment of Singaporean money mules; cross-border cash couriering Awolola arrested in Kuala Lumpur (2019), extradited to Singapore and charged; multiple Singaporean money mules convicted.171819
Thailand – Bangkok (Nana district) “Black-Shadow Nana” operation: Nigerian drug-dealing group in Nana-Asoke nightlife area Eight Nigerian suspects: Onyekama Frankline, Onuoha Desmond, Nnawuke Lucky, Alahieobi Favour, Ubammadu Chibuzor, Amajioyi Chinaemeze, Udemgba Innocent, Nwachukwu Chisom; one Thai associate Street-level cocaine trafficking to tourists using mouth-concealment (“spit‑and‑swallow”) method All nine arrested in October 2025; case under Thai investigation and prosecution.20
Regional SEA Scam Compounds (Cambodia / Myanmar / Laos-linked) Multi‑national romance baiting / crypto investment scam centres Mixed; reports note West African scammers among Chinese and other foreign staff Forced-labour scam operations (“romance baiting”, pig‑butchering) using trafficked workers Ongoing regional crackdowns (Cambodia and others) with >2,000 arrests in 2025; attribution to specific West African gangs generally not public.2122
Global (West Africa with SEA links) West African financial-crime networks including Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye Leadership names not reliably linked to SEA in OSINT; groups cited collectively Online financial fraud: romance, investment, advance-fee and crypto scams; some operations utilise Asian call centres and mules INTERPOL’s Operation Jackal III (2024) and Financial Fraud Assessment highlight these groups’ transnational reach and note SEA as a locus for romance-baiting and related fraud.2324

Leadership Profiles (Roster Cards)

Note: Profiles below are derived strictly from open-source reporting and reflect alleged or proven involvement in criminal activity as described by law-enforcement or court records. They do not imply additional undisclosed offences.

1. Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi

  • Nationality: Nigerian
  • Assessed Role: Key organiser in Malaysia-based transnational romance-scam syndicate (2017–2019) using Singaporean and other regional money mules.2526
  • Operational Theatre: Malaysia (base), Singapore (mules), with victims in Singapore, Canada, and Macau.
  • Modus Operandi:
    • Built on-line romantic relationships with victims.
    • Recruited partners and associates as money mules to receive and courier funds to Malaysia.
  • Case Status: Arrested in Kuala Lumpur (April 2019), transferred to Singapore and charged; multiple convictions of associated money mules.

Threat Assessment:

  • Capability: High in social-engineering, recruitment, and cross-border fund movement.
  • Intent: Primarily financially motivated.
  • Residual Risk: Potential re-engagement in cyber-fraud if not effectively monitored post-custodial period.

2. Nana District Nigerian Drug Cell (Collective Profile)

  • Nationality: Eight Nigerian nationals plus one Thai associate.27
  • Assessed Role: Street‑level cocaine distribution to tourists in the Nana-Asoke nightlife district, Bangkok.
  • Named Suspects (as per Khaosod English):
    • Onyekama Frankline (29)
    • Onuoha Desmond (34)
    • Nnawuke Lucky (29)
    • Alahieobi Favour (35)
    • Ubammadu Chibuzor (32)
    • Amajioyi Chinaemeze (23)
    • Udemgba Innocent (28)
    • Nwachukwu Chisom (41)
    • Thai associate: Phanuwat Thanawet (36)

Modus Operandi:

  • Use of mouth-concealment and “spit‑and‑swallow” tactics to complete transactions and destroy evidence.
  • Drugs allegedly smuggled via body-packing methods on international flights, then pre‑packaged for nightlife distribution.28

Threat Assessment:

  • Capability: Limited to local street-level trafficking; however, techniques show understanding of law-enforcement detection patterns.
  • Intent: Profit-driven, with deliberate targeting of foreign tourists and avoidance of Thai nationals to reduce undercover risk.
  • Residual Risk: Similar Nigerian (and other West African) cells may reconstitute in tourist districts even if this specific group is dismantled.

3. West African Financial-Fraud Networks (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye)

  • Nationality: Predominantly Nigerian and broader West African membership.
  • Assessed Role: Core West African organised crime groups involved in online financial fraud globally.2930
  • Relevance to SEA:
    • INTERPOL notes these groups’ transnational expansion and extensive skills in romance, investment, and crypto fraud.
    • SEA-based romance-baiting call centres represent a logical offshore vector for such networks, but specific attribution of SEA sites to named confraternities is typically restricted to law-enforcement channels.

Threat Assessment:

  • Capability: High – structured networks with global reach, diversified fraud typologies, and money-laundering capacity.
  • Intent: Systematic exploitation of global victims via technology and human-trafficking‑based call-centre models.
  • Residual Risk: Persistent, strategic threat to financial integrity and vulnerable individuals worldwide.

Modus Operandi Analysis

Cyber-Fraud & Romance Baiting

  • Techniques:
    • Long‑term cultivation of on-line romantic relationships, often via social media and messaging apps.
    • Transition from emotional grooming to investment pitches in crypto or FX, or requests for emergency funds.
    • Use of front companies, shell accounts, and mules in SEA (e.g. Singapore, Malaysia) to launder proceeds.3132
  • Infrastructure:
    • Call‑centre style “scam compounds” in Cambodia and neighbouring states, often run by Chinese OC but with multi-national staff including West Africans.3334
    • Data from INTERPOL and NGOs highlights the use of trafficked workers forced into scam operations, blurring lines between victim and offender.3536

Drug Trafficking

  • Vector: Air travel into SEA hubs (Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur), with body‑packing and ingesting/wrapping of cocaine prior to flights.37
  • Retail Model:
    • Small, mobile teams concentrate in entertainment zones (e.g. Nana district).
    • Sales directed at foreign tourists; local populations and anyone resembling police are deliberately avoided.
    • Evidence-destruction tactics (swallowing drug packets) deployed upon detection.

Country Annexes

Thailand Annex

Operational Environment:

  • Major aviation hub and tourism destination with vibrant nightlife districts.
  • Longstanding narcotics demand in tourist areas (Bangkok, Phuket, Pattaya, Koh Samui).

West African Presence:

  • Repeated arrests of Nigerian nationals for cocaine trafficking in Nana district and other nightlife nodes.38
  • Occasional involvement of other African nationals (e.g. Cameroonian traffickers) in related drug cases in Bangkok.39

Judgement:

  • Threat Level:
    • Fraud: Moderate (Thailand more often a transit/location hub than operational HQ).
    • Drugs: Moderate in specific nightlife micro‑environments.
  • Indicators to Monitor:
    • Clusters of West African nationals in nightlife zones with repeated narcotics arrests.
    • Body-packing routes from West Africa or Europe via Middle Eastern hubs into Bangkok.
    • Use of Thai associates to provide vehicles, accommodation, or document support.

Malaysia / Singapore Annex

Operational Environment:

  • Malaysia: Historically tolerant of foreign workforce and business migration, with large urban centres and on‑line infrastructure.
  • Singapore: Highly regulated, but attractive as a financial and payments hub with dense banking infrastructure.

West African Presence:

  • Malaysia-based Nigerian love scam syndicates targeting victims in Singapore, Canada, and Macau, with Singaporean money mules recruited through romantic relationships.404142
  • Singaporean courts document multi‑victim laundering of romance-scam proceeds linked to Nigerian organisers.

Judgement:

  • Threat Level:
    • Fraud: High in terms of financial exposure, though absolute numbers of West African actors are relatively small.
    • Drugs: Lower visibility compared with Thailand.
  • Indicators:
    • Malaysian commercial spaces being used as informal call centres or on‑line “consultancies” run by foreign nationals.
    • Singaporean accounts receiving large flows from romance-scam source countries, followed by couriering to Malaysia.
    • Cross‑border romantic relationships followed by mule recruitment.

Cambodia / Wider Scam-Compound Ecosystem Annex

Operational Environment:

  • Cambodia (and parts of Laos / Myanmar) host large scam compounds operated mostly by Chinese and regional OC groups, using trafficked workers to conduct online fraud on an industrial scale.4344

West African Presence:

  • International NGOs and investigative reporting note West African victims and operators present within these compounds, albeit as a minority compared with Asian nationals.45
  • These individuals may be directly connected to West African fraud networks or opportunistic actors drawn into the wider scam economy.

Judgement:

  • Threat Level:
    • Fraud: Very high at system level; West African share modest but operationally significant within global networks.
    • Human Security: High, given the trafficking and coercion component.
  • Indicators:
    • Identification of West African nationals among rescued or arrested scam workers.
    • Financial flows from SEA scam hubs to West African banks or crypto addresses.

Overall Assessment

  1. West African gangs in SEA are best understood as “nodes” of larger transnational financial-crime ecosystems rather than stand‑alone territorial mafias.
  2. Cyber-fraud and romance-baiting remain the primary threat vector, with SEA hosting physical infrastructure (compounds, offices, logistics) and West Africa providing skilled labour and scripts (formats).
  3. Drug trafficking by West African groups is locally significant in specific nightlife hotspots, but dwarfed in volume by regional narcotics syndicates.
  4. Law-enforcement operations in both Africa (e.g. Operation Jackal) and SEA (scam-centre raids) are increasingly coordinated, shrinking safe havens but also incentivising further geographic diversification.

Policy/Operational Implications:

  • Intelligence Fusion: Prioritise shared targeting packages combining INTERPOL, ASEAN, and African partners for West African financial-crime networks using SEA nodes.
  • Financial Intelligence: Enhance payments and crypto monitoring for flows that triangulate between SEA, West Africa, and victim geographies (EU, US, UK).
  • Human Trafficking Lens: Treat scam compounds and some West African actors as a hybrid trafficked/perpetrator population, balancing disruption with victim protection.
  • Targeted Policing in Tourism Hubs: Focus undercover and overt patrols in nightlife zones like Nana (Bangkok) where West African drug cells have been documented.

Sources and References

Footnotes

  1. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  2. Le Monde, “Inside the world of the Yahoo Boys, Africa’s most infamous romance scammers,” 2 July 2025. Provides context on West African ‘Yahoo Boy’ culture, romance scams, and global operations. 【lemonde.fr】↩︎

  3. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

  4. Forbes, “Romance Fraud: Southeast Asia–U.S. Links,” 8 September 2025. Estimates victims and describes how romance-baiting operations from SEA target Western victims. 【forbes.com】↩︎

  5. Singapore Police Force, Police Life – Crime Files: Cyber Cupid Con, 24 October 2024. Provides narrative case study of Nigerian national Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi and a Malaysia-based romance scam syndicate. 【police.gov.sg】↩︎

  6. The Straits Times, “Jail for money mule who worked with member of Nigerian love scam group and had child with him,” 21 February 2023. Details the relationship between Awolola and a Singaporean money mule, cash movements to Malaysia, and his arrest in Kuala Lumpur. 【straitstimes.com】↩︎

  7. Le Monde, “Inside the world of the Yahoo Boys, Africa’s most infamous romance scammers,” 2 July 2025. Provides context on West African ‘Yahoo Boy’ culture, romance scams, and global operations. 【lemonde.fr】↩︎

  8. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  9. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  10. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  11. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

  12. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  13. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  14. Forbes, “Romance Fraud: Southeast Asia–U.S. Links,” 8 September 2025. Estimates victims and describes how romance-baiting operations from SEA target Western victims. 【forbes.com】↩︎

  15. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  16. INTERPOL, Operation Jackal III strikes major blow against West African financial-crime groups, 16 July 2024. Describes hundreds of arrests and asset seizures targeting Black Axe and allied networks. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  17. Singapore Police Force, Police Life – Crime Files: Cyber Cupid Con, 24 October 2024. Provides narrative case study of Nigerian national Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi and a Malaysia-based romance scam syndicate. 【police.gov.sg】↩︎

  18. The Straits Times, “Jail for money mule who worked with member of Nigerian love scam group and had child with him,” 21 February 2023. Details the relationship between Awolola and a Singaporean money mule, cash movements to Malaysia, and his arrest in Kuala Lumpur. 【straitstimes.com】↩︎

  19. Channel NewsAsia, “Woman who had child with Nigerian love scammer gets jail for helping to launder S$356,000,” 21 February 2023. Confirms Malaysia-based Nigerian love scammer and Singapore linkages. 【channelnewsasia.com】↩︎

  20. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  21. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

  22. Associated Press, “Cambodia continues raids on scam centers, bringing arrests in past 3 weeks over 2,100,” 2025. Describes large-scale raids on scam centres and notes multi‑national arrestees. 【apnews.com】↩︎

  23. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  24. INTERPOL, Operation Jackal III strikes major blow against West African financial-crime groups, 16 July 2024. Describes hundreds of arrests and asset seizures targeting Black Axe and allied networks. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  25. Singapore Police Force, Police Life – Crime Files: Cyber Cupid Con, 24 October 2024. Provides narrative case study of Nigerian national Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi and a Malaysia-based romance scam syndicate. 【police.gov.sg】↩︎

  26. The Straits Times, “Jail for money mule who worked with member of Nigerian love scam group and had child with him,” 21 February 2023. Details the relationship between Awolola and a Singaporean money mule, cash movements to Malaysia, and his arrest in Kuala Lumpur. 【straitstimes.com】↩︎

  27. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  28. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  29. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  30. INTERPOL, Operation Jackal III strikes major blow against West African financial-crime groups, 16 July 2024. Describes hundreds of arrests and asset seizures targeting Black Axe and allied networks. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  31. Singapore Police Force, Police Life – Crime Files: Cyber Cupid Con, 24 October 2024. Provides narrative case study of Nigerian national Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi and a Malaysia-based romance scam syndicate. 【police.gov.sg】↩︎

  32. Forbes, “Romance Fraud: Southeast Asia–U.S. Links,” 8 September 2025. Estimates victims and describes how romance-baiting operations from SEA target Western victims. 【forbes.com】↩︎

  33. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

  34. Associated Press, “Cambodia continues raids on scam centers, bringing arrests in past 3 weeks over 2,100,” 2025. Describes large-scale raids on scam centres and notes multi‑national arrestees. 【apnews.com】↩︎

  35. INTERPOL, Financial Fraud Assessment: A global threat boosted by technology, 11 March 2024. Highlights romance-baiting fraud, call centres in Southeast Asia, and names West African groups (Black Axe, Airlords, Supreme Eiye) as major actors in online financial fraud. 【interpol.int】↩︎

  36. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

  37. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  38. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  39. Khaosod English, “Eight Nigerians Arrested in Dramatic Bangkok Nana Drug Raid,” 27 October 2025. Describes Operation “Take Down Black-Shadow Nana”, names eight Nigerian suspects and one Thai, and details their spit-and-swallow cocaine distribution method. 【khaosodenglish.com】↩︎

  40. Singapore Police Force, Police Life – Crime Files: Cyber Cupid Con, 24 October 2024. Provides narrative case study of Nigerian national Awolola Oladayo Opeyemi and a Malaysia-based romance scam syndicate. 【police.gov.sg】↩︎

  41. The Straits Times, “Jail for money mule who worked with member of Nigerian love scam group and had child with him,” 21 February 2023. Details the relationship between Awolola and a Singaporean money mule, cash movements to Malaysia, and his arrest in Kuala Lumpur. 【straitstimes.com】↩︎

  42. Channel NewsAsia, “Woman who had child with Nigerian love scammer gets jail for helping to launder S$356,000,” 21 February 2023. Confirms Malaysia-based Nigerian love scammer and Singapore linkages. 【channelnewsasia.com】↩︎

  43. Associated Press, “Cambodia continues raids on scam centers, bringing arrests in past 3 weeks over 2,100,” 2025. Describes large-scale raids on scam centres and notes multi‑national arrestees. 【apnews.com】↩︎

  44. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

  45. WIRED / International Justice Mission, “493 Cases of Sextortion Against Children Linked to Scam Compounds,” 19 August 2025. Discusses SEA scam compounds, trafficked workers, and multi‑national involvement including West African scammers. 【wired.com】↩︎

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